When atmospheric chemists Paul Crutzen and John Birks added smoke into their computer models of nuclear war scenarios, they ...

In recent years, private companies have transformed spaceflight from a government-led endeavour into a burgeoning commercial industry. Space tourism, satellite networks, and rapid-launch capabilities ...

The rapid rise in global rocket launches could slow the recovery of the vital ozone layer, says Sandro Vattioni. The problem is being underestimated—yet it could be mitigated by forward-looking, ...

The international space industry is on a growth trajectory, but new research shows a rapid increase in rocket launches would damage the ozone layer. Several hundred rockets are launched globally each ...